Typically there are three main types: Proscenium, thrust, and Arena. However with studio space and non-traditional spaces, you can have different kinds built for a sole production.
Proscenium is the “picture frame”, in which the audience faces a wall and the stage is viewed from an opening in said wall. This is the most common stage, and the one most people think of when thinking of theaters.
Thrust is where the stage comes into the audience space, with seating surrounding three sides. Typically and extension of the first type. Think like a catwalk or fashion show type setup.
Arena or “theater in the round” is where the stage sits in the middle of the space and the audience sits around on all sides. Much like watching a sporting event in a stadium.
Studio and non-traditional spaces allow for other setup. I once saw a show where the audience stood on catwalks and watched a show take place under them on the floor, and another space where the audience walked between small sets along a path in a warehouse, watching different scenes at each spot.
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